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Improving Health of the Next Generation: Dietary Intake and Physical Activity during Pregnancy in an Austrian Cohort
- Petra Rust, Verena Hasenegger, Kristina Englert, Jürgen König
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E343
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There is sufficient evidence that the periconceptional period is a key window during which poor maternal nutrition can adversely influence long-term health and disease risk into adulthood. The higher rate of obesity in women of childbearing age and bad quality of mother's diet may result in higher incidence of hyperglycemia or hyperlipidemia, associated with an impaired metabolism in the offspring.
This cross-sectional study analysed dietary habits and physical activity of 190 pregnant women aged 31 ± 6 years in the second and third trimester of their pregnancy in Austria. Dietary intake data were collected by two non-consecutive 24-h-recalls using GloboDiet software, physical activity was examined with the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire. 31.6 % of investigated women were overweight or obese; a moderate higher prevalence compared to non-pregnant women (21.9–27.8 %). Mean gestational weight gain (GWG) was 3.9 (± 4.8) kg in the second and 9.6 (± 5.1) kg in the third trimester. More than half of the pregnant women exceed the GWG recommendations of the Institute of Medicine (2009). In contrary, average energy consumption was 1765 kcal/d, which is below the DACH (German, Austrian and Swiss Society for Nutrition) reference value assuming a Physical Activity Level of 1,4. However, one quarter of participants exceeded reference value of energy intake. Ratio of energy supply by macronutrient intake was 36.2 E% fat: 48.5 E% carbohydrates: 15.3 E% protein. Mean intakes of linoleic acid and alpha-linoleic acid were within the DACH reference values, but DHA intake (125 mg/d) did not reach the recommendation of 200 mg/d. In addition, average intake of dietary fibre (19.8 g/d) was too low. Intakes of vitamins A, E, B1, B6, and folate as well as potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and iodine were unsatisfying. These results are in accordance with an inadequate supply with fruits, vegetables, cereals, and milk products, at the same time exceeding intake of meat(products) and sweets. Only half of the examined pregnant women have reached the recommendation of 120 minutes of physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity per week.
This study demonstrates that dietary behaviour and physical activity during pregnancy need to be improved. Adequate energy and nutrient intake is essential before conception, as well as throughout pregnancy to support maternal needs, and to fill up stores required for foetal development. Health strategies supporting women in childbearing age in adopting a healthy lifestyle are important for the health of the next generation.
Potassium Intake in Austrian Adults
- Verena Hasenegger, Petra Rust, Kristina Englert, Jürgen König
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E382
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Introduction
Being the predominant osmotically active element inside cells, potassium is a central regulator of the osmotic balance and the electrochemical membrane potential. As such, it has an effect on blood pressure and therefore counteracts the effects of excess dietary sodium intake. Furthermore, potassium affects glucose homeostasis by influencing insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cells. Due to the health-promoting effects of potassium, the German-speaking countries have recently updated the reference values for potassium. The revised estimates of adequate potassium intake are 4000 mg/d instead of previously recommended 2000 mg/d. However, a typical Western diet on average contains less potassium and more sodium.
Materials and methodsThe presented data were collected within the Austrian Study on Nutrition 2014/2016, a regularly conducted representative cross-sectional survey to monitor food consumption in Austria. Altogether, data from 2129 adults aged between 18 and 64 years were included in the analysis. In the course of two years, and thus with the consideration of seasonal variations, the survey was conducted on the basis of two non-consecutive 24 hour recalls in accordance with the guidelines of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The survey was approved by the Ethical Committee of the University of Vienna (reference number: 00284).
ResultsAfter exclusion of misreporters the final sample consisted of 2018 individuals, of which 1282 (63.5%) were women. The mean age was 38.8 ± 11.9 years.
Median dietary potassium intake was 2783 mg/d (IQR: 1245). Men had a higher median intake than women (3018 mg/d (IQR: 1303) vs. 2546 mg/d (IQR: 1112), p < 0.001). Significant differences between sexes existed in all age groups (p < 0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between age and dietary potassium intake.
The estimates of adequate potassium intake of 4000 mg/d (DGE et al., 2017) were met by only 13.3% of the participants, 7.4% of women and 19.2% of men. Moreover, only 479 participants (23.8%, 16.7% of women and 30.9% of men) had intakes equal to or above 3500 mg/d, the adequate intake established by EFSA (2016).
DiscussionOur data show that potassium intake has to be improved in all gender and age groups by increasing the consumption of potassium-rich foods. However, since the estimates of adequate potassium intake have doubled recently, it seems even more difficult to achieve these recommendations in daily food routine.
Traditional v. modern dietary patterns among a population in western Austria: associations with body composition and nutrient profile
- Sabrina Egg, Judith Erler, Bernhard Perktold, Verena Hasenegger, Petra Rust, Reinhold Ramoner, Jürgen König, Anna Elisabeth Purtscher
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 22 / Issue 3 / March 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 November 2018, pp. 455-465
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Objective
The present study aimed to identify dietary patterns, compare dietary patterns regarding nutrient profile and investigate the association between dietary patterns and body composition in a population in western Austria.
DesignIn a cross-sectional study, eating habits, anthropometric measurements and body composition were assessed. Food intake was collected by two non-consecutive 24 h recalls. Factor analysis (principal component analysis) with complementary cluster analysis was applied to identify dietary patterns. Associations of dietary patterns with body composition and nutrient profile were examined by the t test, one-way ANOVA and ANCOVA with Bonferroni’s correction. The χ2 test was used for categorical variables.
SettingTyrol, western Austria, 2014–2015.
ParticipantsAdults (n 463) aged 18–64 years.
ResultsThree dietary patterns were derived, labelled as the ‘health-conscious’, the ‘western’ and the ‘traditional’ dietary pattern. After adjustment for confounding variables, individuals following the traditional and western patterns were more likely to be overweight/obese (P <0·001) and to have a higher body fat percentage (P <0·05). Individuals following the traditional dietary pattern consumed significantly more SFA and less PUFA and dietary fibre (P <0·001) than those in the other groups.
ConclusionsIndividuals who mostly eat in a traditional way should be encouraged to increase their consumption of vegetables, fruits, whole grains and healthy fats. It is important to know local eating habits not only for planning individual nutritional therapy, but also for well-directed public health actions.